A Century of Generalization
   This article aims to organise existing data to test the theory that, when a behavior has been established in response to a certain stimulus, novel stimuli resembling the first will usually elicit the same response.
   http://cogprints.org/5279/01/ghirlanda_enquist2003.pdf

A Reproductive Dictatorship : Naked Mole-rats
   The eusocial naked mole-rat is the mammalian equivalent of a social insect. This article discusses how and why the dominant queen and the infertile workers cooperate for the benefit of the whole colony.
   http://www.qmw.ac.uk/~ugbt991/CGFNMR.htm

About Gender: Ethology
   An introduction to animal reproduction, maternal strategies, living in groups, dominance and male behavior. The rest of the site deals with human gender roles, variance and identity.
   http://www.gender.org.uk/about/index.htm#ethol

Adaptation
   Mark A McPeek outlines his research on how damselflies evade their predators, in particular the trade off they make between foraging rate and predation risk.
   http://www.dartmouth.edu/~mcpeek/adaptation.html

Animal Behavior
   A free online textbook from Wikibooks.
   http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior

Animal Behavior Lab
   Overview of current research at Macquarie University, Australia, with detailed material on each project.
   http://galliform.bhs.mq.edu.au/

Animal Behavior and Sociobiology
   Lecture on sociobiological behavior based on experimental animal observation from McMaster University, Canada.
   http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/psychology/psych1a6/1aa3/EvoPsych/lec1-1.htm

Animal Behavior, Behavioral Ecology and Arachnology
   Dr George Uetz at the University of Illinois is leading research into colonial web-building spiders, communication in wolf spiders and other aspects of arachnid behavior.
   http://www.biology.uc.edu/faculty/uetz/sitemap.htm

Animal Behavior/Sensory Biology - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
   Article from Wikibooks explaining that, by learning how the senses gather information, a better understanding of behavior is gained.
   http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior/Sensory_Biology#Sensory_Perception

Animal Behaviour
   Birmingham University’s introduction to animal behavior for biology students. Covers a wide range of topics with references for further study and a quiz to test understanding.
   http://www.animalbehaviour.org

Animal Behaviour Research Unit
   Established in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, ABRU undertakes long term research into yellow baboons and now also studies the African Elephant.
   http://web.anglia.ac.uk/appsci/lifesci/abru/

Animal Behaviour and Welfare Science Research Group.
   The University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada examines how an understanding of the behavior of domesticated animals and poultry can contribute to their welfare.
   http://www.uoguelph.ca/abw/

Animal Cognition
   Researchers at Edinburgh University are using both evolutionary and behavioral approaches to try to understand the factors that shape animal cognitive abilities.
   http://cognition.icapb.ed.ac.uk

Animal Cognition Network
   Provides links to current scientific literature in the field of animal cognition. Includes journal articles, reviews, books and relevant websites.
   http://www.animalcognition.net

Animal Navigation Group
   Provides an e-mail animal forum and disseminates news on animal navigation, orientation and migration through its newsletter and conferences.
   http://www.rin.org.uk/sigs-branches/animal/animal-navigation-group

Antipredator Adaptations: Crypsis
   Notes, with photographs, on the four cryptic strategies employed by animals to blend in with their background and avoid detection.
   http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~croman/crypsis/antipredator.htm

Archives of Ethology
   Archives of an inactive internet discussion group on animal behavior that span an eight year period.
   http://segate.sunet.se/archives/ethology.html

Article: Bee Behavior
   By studying bees as individuals and as a colony, Stephen Taber researches how their behavior may be changed to our benefit. The site also provides a sourcebook for beekeeping.
   http://www.beesource.com/pov/usda/beekpUSA33.htm

Avian Visual Cognition
   This multimedia cyberbook provides a comprehensive survey of this area of comparative research with chapters by top international scientists.
   http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/avc/toc.htm

Baboon and Impala Together
   Discusses how baboons and impala interact. Offers scientific observations and images.
   http://home.comcast.net/~tom-day/babim.html

Bear Center Conducts Hibernation Study
   Article by Lynne L Rogers who has studied black bear behavior and ecology in northeastern Minnesota since 1969.
   http://www.bear.org/Black/BlackBearResearch/Bear_Center_Conducts_Hibernation_Study.html

Bee Behavior
   A project studying the behavior of bees as individuals and as a colony, including a live feed from a hive.
   http://www.beebehavior.com/

Behavioral Ecology Research Group
   Research on the evolution of social systems and social learning at the University of Queensland, Australia.
   http://www.uq.edu.au/berg/

Behaviour: A Journey to the Bottom of the World
   Penguins can demonstrate complex behavioral patterns including general, aggressive and sexual behaviors.
   http://www.tuxxie.org//ethology/_._.html

Behavioural and Cognitive Influences of Kairomones on an Araneophagic Jumping Spider
   Jackson, Clark and Harland researched the factors influencing the predatory habits of the jumping spider, Portia fimbriata, which eats other spiders.
   http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/research/groups/ccnr/Papers/Downloads/Jackson_Behav2002.pdf

Bird Behavior
   Bird Behavior is an international and interdisciplinary journal that publishes research on avian behavior, including the areas of ethology, behavioral ecology, comparative psychology, and behavioral neuroscience.
   http://www.ucc.uconn.edu/~millerd/bbframes.html

Braun Lab of Hydroacoustic Research and Discovery
   Current research at Hunter College, New York, concentrates on the multiple sensory systems that fish use to detect moving and sound-producing objects, including the gymnotiform fishes that use electricity to communicate.
   http://urban.hunter.cuny.edu/~cbraun/braunwebsite/Research.htm

Brood Parasitism
   This essay describes the behavior of birds that lay their eggs in the nest of another species, with links to other essays covering similar topics.
   http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Brood_Parasitism.html

Causes and Consequences of a Lack of Coevolution in Mullerian Mimicry
   Article by James Mallet in which he discusses whether the unpalatable species that copy one another for their mutual benefit evolved together.
   http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/pap/mimcoev.pdf

Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior
   Information from Indiana University's program on animal behavior.
   http://www.indiana.edu/~animal/

Centre for Neuroscience and Animal Behaviour
   Research into brain function and behavior, communication and higher cognition in animals as undertaken at the University of New England, Australia.
   http://www.une.edu.au/cnab/

Chelonian Research Foundation
   This foundation supports worldwide turtle and tortoise research and produces a journal – Chelian Conservation and Biology.
   http://www.chelonian.org/

Chimpanzee Cultures
   A searchable database of chimpanzee cultural behaviors.
   http://culture.st-and.ac.uk/chimp/

Cognitive Architecture of a Mini-brain: The Honeybee
   Article by Randolf Menzel and Martin Giurfa examining the extent to which adaptive behaviour in honeybees exceeds elementary forms of learning, and identifying the neural mechanisms involved.
   http://groups.inf.ed.ac.uk/ppig/readinglist/minibrain.pdf

Cognitive Ecology: A Field of Substance?
   Article arguing that a greater insight into behaviors such as animal orientation, song learning, mate choice and foraging is achieved by tackling the subject from more than one starting point.
   http://cognition.icapb.ed.ac.uk/resources/pdf/Healy00.pdf

Cognitive Ethology and the Explanation of Nonhuman Animal Behavior
   In this paper, Marc Bekoff attempts to demonstrate the importance of cognitive ethological investigations for advancing the understanding of animal cognition.
   http://cogprints.org/157/00/199709002.html

Compass Education and Training
   Offers home study courses in animal behavior at intermediate and advanced level, and equine, feline, canine, reptile and parrot behavior and psychology studies.
   http://www.neotericdesign.co.uk/compass1/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1

Consciousness in Animals and People with Autism
   Temple Grandin discusses his views on animal consciousness, using comparisons from his experience with autism, citing scientific evidence on other neurological disorders which affect consciousness.
   http://grandin.com/references/animal.consciousness.html

Cooperative Breeding
   Communal breeding occurs when more than two birds of the same species provide care in rearing the young from one nest.
   http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Cooperative_Breeding.html

Cooperative Breeding in Birds: a Comparative Test of the Life History Hypothesis
   Kathryn Arnold and Ian Owens test the hypothesis that cooperative breeding tends to occur in species with low annual mortality because this leads to overcrowded populations.
   http://www.gla.ac.uk/ibls/DEEB/ka/abstracts/lhistory.pdf

Cophylogeny between Pocket Gophers and Chewing Lice
   Article discussing the symbiotic association between gophers and chewing lice, creatures whose life histories are conducive to parallel speciation.
   http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/~rdmp1c/book/draft/hafner.pdf

Cospeciation and Rates of Evolution in Lice and Birds: a Molecular Approach
   How old is the association between a given parasite and its host? Rod Page at the University of Glasgow tries to answer this question.
   http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/Jobs/NERC/seabird.html

Deep-sea Octocorals as Homes for Other Species
   Researchers at the Darling Marine Center at the University of Maine, examine the commensal relationships of octocorals with brittle stars and marine scale worms.
   http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04mountains/background/commensals/commensals.html

Describing Social Insect Behaviour Using Process Algebra
   Chris Tofts at University College Swansea, Wales, presents robust algorithms that describe three different ant behaviours: synchrony, task allocation and sorting
   http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Chris_Tofts/Papers/SocialInsects.pdf

Dolphin Institute
   Dedicated to conservation of and education about dolphins and whales. Research projects include dolphin echolocation.
   http://www.dolphin-institute.org/

Dominance in Crayfish.
   Article from the Journal of Neuroscience on patterns of behavior, including the activation of neural circuits, during the formation of a dominance hierarchy in crayfish.
   http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/21/8/2759

Dominance in Domestic Hen Triads
   The role of individual differences and patterns of resolution in the formation of dominance orders in domestic hen triads.
   http://cogprints.org/1960/

EcoBirds: Anting
   Article discussing the strange behavior adopted by some birds in using ants in preening or in some instances, lying down among ants.
   http://birds.ecoport.org/Behaviour/EBanting.htm

Elephant Corner: Mentality, Cognition and Behavior of Elephants
   Moti Nissani details his research into elephant behavior, cognition and senses, with sounds and video clips.
   http://www.is.wayne.edu/mnissani/ElephantCorner/front.htm

Encyclopedia of Psychology - Animal Behavior
   Annotated links to resources on animal behavior and instincts.
   http://www.psychology.org/links/Environment_Behavior_Relationships/Animal_Behavior-Instincts/

Essay: A Baboon’s Life
   An essay written by Robert Sapolsky in 1996 on violence between male baboons, aging and friendship.
   http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/stanfordtoday/ed/9607/9607essy01.shtml

Ethology
   Tables of contents, contacts and subscription information from this journal by Blackwell Publishing.
   http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0179-1613

Fauna Communications Research
   Institute that researches bioacoustics and animal communication, especially of endangered species.
   http://animalvoice.com/

Figs and Fig wasps
   An example of mutualism, fig wasps only live for a few days but manage to perform their amazing task of finding and pollinating the flowers that are hidden deep inside the fig.
   http://www.figweb.org/

Fish Behaviour
   Research at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, aims to study aggressive behavior in fish and relate this to the aggressor’s position in the group hierarchy. Includes video clips.
   http://vcs.abdn.ac.uk/BIO_SOIL/trout/contents.html

Group Mobbing Behaviour and Nest Defence
   Outlines research carried out by Katheryn E Arnold using co-operative breeding Noisy Miners (Manorina melanocephala) in Australia on whether mobbing behavior assisted reproductive success.
   http://www.gla.ac.uk/ibls/DEEB/ka/abstracts/ethology.pdf

Group Predation of Lions
   An investigation into the visual cues required to coordinate the complex cooperative behavior involved in hunting.
   http://www.cs.bath.ac.uk/~amb/papers/lionsIJCAI05.pdf

Historical Information about Animal Cognition
   A brief survey of important scientists in the history of the study of animal behavior.
   http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/psych26/history.htm

Honey Bee Research at the University of Illinois
   Research in Gene E. Robinson's lab that studies the mechanisms of social behavior in honey bees.
   http://www.life.uiuc.edu/robinson/

How Locusts Decide it is Time to Swarm
   Article from the New Scientist discussing the factors that turn a relatively harmless cloud of insects into a devastating plague.
   http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9255-how-locusts-decide-its-time-to-swarm.html

Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery: Animal Architecture
   Dr Michael Hansell has built up an extensive collection of animal artefacts, mainly bird and insect nests but also other fascinating items.
   http://www.hunterian.gla.ac.uk/collections/zoology/animals/animal_architecture.shtml

Journal of Insect Behavior
   With six editions a year, this journal covers a wide range of behavioral research.
   http://www.springerlink.com/content/1572-8889/

Kohler’s Research on the Mentality of Apes
   Excerpt from a book by Gould and Gould discussing the tests that Kohler set the chimpanzees he was marooned with during the First World War.
   http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/psych26/kohler.htm

Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology
   Austrian organization that investigates major unsolved problems in behavioral and evolutionary ecology.
   http://www.oeaw.ac.at/klivv/

Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Rikkyo University
   Current research includes the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior, avian behavioral ecology, and what behaviors help an animal to adapt to its environment.
   http://www.rikkyo.ne.jp/grp/animal-ecology/en/

Mammal Research at JCU
   Researchers at James Cook University are studying the life histories of several endangered Australian marsupials.
   http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/tbiol/zoology/auxillry/mammals/mamres.html

Mammalian Hibernation
   Article by Ken Muldrew on mammalian hibernation, sleep and torpor.
   http://www.ucalgary.ca/~kmuldrew/cryo_course/cryo_chap12_1.html

Movie Archives of Animal Behavior
   An online animal behavior video database available in various formats. Most clips filmed in Japan.
   http://www.momo-p.com/index-e.html

Multiple Sexual Ornaments in Satin Bowerbirds
   Article by Stephanie Doucet and Robert Montgomerie on their research into the interrelationship between bower features, plumage coloration, and indicators of male quality in this species.
   http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/14/4/503

NPR: Animal Thought and Communication
   Ira Flatow and guests look at thought and communication in apes, gorillas and monkeys [Real Audio broadcast].
   http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1601349

Nature-Wildlife
   Besides photographing African wildlife, Spook Skelton provides notes on African mammals and their behaviour, gleaned from reading and direct observation.
   http://www.nature-wildlife.com/

Nests and Nest-Building in Birds
   Outlines a study of the Red Bishop, a colony breeding weaverbird from sub-Saharan Africa, and examines aspects of male nest-building behavior and resulting male reproductive success.
   http://docserver.bis.uni-oldenburg.de/publikationen/dissertation/2005/metada05/pdf/introduction.pdf

Oklahoma University Behavioral Neuroscience
   Research in the OU Zoology Department addresses major biological questions through studies of molecules, cells, organisms, and ecosystems to uncover mechanisms of physiology, development, behavior, and evolution.
   http://www.ou.edu/oubns/

Ontologies for Ethology
   Peter E. Midford's research in coding animal behavior descriptions, particularly ethograms using ontology.
   http://www.mesquiteproject.org/ontology/

Overview of Our Research on the Variable Field Cricket
   At the Wagner Laboratory at the University of Nebraska, research is being undertaken on the evolution of male singing behavior and female song preferences in the variable field cricket
   http://cricket.unl.edu/research.html

Partnership in Birds
   Article discussing monogamous birds and those that change partner, and why such divorces occur.
   http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/behavecol/jstacy_desertion.pdf

Pelican Lagoon Research Centre
   This centre in Australia provides habitats for long term field studies, especially on monotremes, free from the impact of introduced species.
   http://www.echidna.edu.au

Phenology
   Animal activity and growth responses to seasonal climatic changes. Discussion of phenology data on animal cycles of life.
   http://sws-wis.com/lifecycles/

Play Signals as Punctuation: The Structure of Social Play in Canids
   Paper by Marc Bekoff discussing the use by animals of specific signals primarily to initiate or maintain social play.
   http://cogprints.org/158/00/199709003.html

Processing Towards Life
   L Charles Birch discusses self-organisation as exampled by termites, ants and slime moulds, where patterns of behavior are determined, not by some centralised authority, but by local interactions about decentralised components
   http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2861

Reading: Manning and Dawkins, Animal Behavior
   Notes on Chapters 2 to 7 of this book covering aspects of communication, learning, memory, evolution and social organisation.
   http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/way/yek18/greg/docs/reading%20-%20Manning%20and%20Dawkins,%20animal%20behaviour.htm

ReefQuest
   A comprehensive source of information on the biology of sharks and rays including behavioral studies.
   http://www.elasmo-research.org/site_map.htm

Research Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology (BPERC)
   BPERC aims to investigate behavioral and physiological adaptations of native Australian mammals and birds living in various habitats and the impact of environmental change on them.
   http://www.une.edu.au/zoology/bperc.php

Research Projects in the Mammal Research Unit
   Details of the current research projects being undertaken at the Mammal Research Unit at Bristol University, England.
   http://www.bio.bris.ac.uk/research/mammal/research.html

Research Station Petite Camargue Alsacienne
   Affiliated with the University of Basel, Switzerland. Focuses on the behavioral ecology of passerines.
   http://www.camargue.unibas.ch

Robot Modelling of Insect Proto-Cognition
   D J Smith’s thesis concerns a bio-robotic investigation of the elementary forms of cognition that might be present in small brains, specifically insect brains.
   http://www.ipab.informatics.ed.ac.uk/PROPOSALS/smith_thesis_proposal.pdf

Sexual Selection in Bowerbirds
   Research at the Borgia Lab concentrates on understanding the evolution of the complex sexual male displays in the Satin Bowerbird, Ptilonorhynchus violaceus.
   http://www.life.umd.edu/biology/borgialab/

Slagsvold Group
   A research group at the University of Oslo, Norway. Primary focus is on the study of sexual imprinting in small passerines.
   http://folk.uio.no/larsejo/tits/index.php

Social Behaviour of African Wild Dogs
   Katherine Green at the University of Sheffield, England, examines how the social behavior of the African wild dog is contributing to its high risk of extinction.
   http://www.shef.ac.uk/aps/mbiolsci/green-kathleen/level3dissertation.pdf

Tamás Székely
   Researcher at Bath University, England aiming to understand how animals solve the challenges imposed by their environment, mainly using bird populations
   http://www.bath.ac.uk/bio-sci/szekely/tamas_research

The Arts of Deception - Mimicry and Camouflage
   Article by Rhett Butler on camouflage as used by animals and the three forms of mimicry utilized by both predator and prey.
   http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0306.htm

The Centre for Avian Cognition
   Research at the University of Nebraska covering a broad range of behavioral and cognitive studies on birds, each combining psychological and biological perspectives.
   http://bsweb.unl.edu/avcog

The Dwarf Mongoose: Social Cooperation
   Article discussing the benefit for dwarf mongooses of living in a cohesive group. Also describes their symbiotic cooperation with hornbills in Kenya.
   http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/vecase/behavior/Spring2003/Rizi/SC.htm

The European Union for Bird Ringing
   EURING coordinates bird ringing throughout Europe and promotes research needed to inform the conservation and scientific understanding of wild birds.
   http://www.euring.org

The Evolution of Imperfect Mimicry in Hoverflies
   Article by Francis Gilbert describing Batesian mimicry and discussing the extent to which hoverflies succeed in mimicing bees, wasps and bumblebees.
   http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/archive/00000096/01/ImperfectMimicry.pdf

The Gordon Lab
   A long-term study of ant colony behavior, organization and ecology undertaken by Deborah Gordon and her colleagues at Stanford University.
   http://www.stanford.edu/~dmgordon/

The Nest Building Behaviour of Higher Apes
   Noel Egenter outlines his research into the ability of apes to weave branches into a stable construction and whether this requires a definite learning process.
   http://home.worldcom.ch/~negenter/081NestbApes_E.html

The Peripheral Auditory Characteristics of Noctuid Moths
   Research by Dean Waters into the auditory systems sensitive to ultrasound possessed by these moths and their ability to recognise and respond to the echolocation sounds emitted by bats.
   http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/199/4/857.pdf

The Pherobase
   A searchable database of insect pheromones and semiochemicals, now covering over 7000 species of insect.
   http://www.pherobase.com

The Ryan Lab
   Situated at the University of Texas, this lab is addressing questions concerning the evolution and function of animal behavior. Most of the work centers on frogs and fish.
   http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/ryan/

Theory of Mind in Nonhuman Primates
   C M Heyes revisits the question asked by Premack and Woodruff, "Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?" This question dominates the study of both social behavior in nonhuman primates and cognitive development in children.
   http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/05/46/bbs00000546-00/bbs.heyes.html

Torpor in Hummingbirds
   Article by Devorah Bennu on the strategy used by hummingbirds to conserve energy in order to survive long cold nights.
   http://research.amnh.org/users/nyneve/hummingbirds.html

Trade-offs Between Extraterritorial Prospecting and Helping in a Cooperative Mammal
   Researchers at Cambridge University investigated whether male meerkats trade off their cooperative contributions to pup feeding against searching for mating and dispersal opportunities.
   http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/ajy20/Trade-offs%20between%20prospecting%20and%20helping%20in%20meerkats.pdf

Universal Parasitism and the Co-evolution of Extended Phenotypes
   Article by Richard Dawkins argues that we should ask “Which animal is benefiting from this behavior?” rather than asking “In what way is this animal benefiting from this behavior?” Parasites are used to illustrate this thesis.
   http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Articles/1989univpara.shtml

University of Los Andes Frog Research
   Group working on frog behavior and ecophysiology at Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia.
   http://gecoh.uniandes.edu.co

Untangling the Tangle-Web: Web Construction Behavior of the Comb-Footed Spider
   Suresh Benjamin and Samuel Zschokke observed the behavior involved in the construction of a three dimensional, irregular web.
   http://nature.berkeley.edu/evolab/suresh/PDF-Files/Benjamin%20&%20Zschokke%202002.pdf

Variation in Lekking Costs in Blackbuck
   Researchers at the Wildlife Institute of India examine the hypothesis that among lekking males of the species Antilope cervicapra, variations in lekking costs is related to differences in mating benefits.
   http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/ks410/Isvaran_Jhala_2000.pdf

Warning Colour and Mimicry
   Mimicry is a great example of evolution by natural selection. Outline of a lecture on the subject from the Evolutionary Genetics course at University College, London.
   http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucbhdjm/courses/b242/Mimic/Mimic.html

Web Building Behaviour in Araneus diadematus
   Thomas Hasselberg’s thesis examines web building behavior in this spider, and the effects of temperature and neurotoxins on the geometry of the web and the catching of prey.
   http://people.bath.ac.uk/enpth/Documents/Hesselberg-MScThesis.pdf

Whiting Lab
   Research conducted at Wits University in South Africa that focuses on the behavior and evolutionary ecology of lizards and cichlids.
   http://www.wits.ac.za/Science/APES/mwlab/

Wolf and Wildlife Studies
   Discusses ongoing field research concerning the behavioral habits of the Fishtrap wolf pack in northwest Montana.
   http://www.wolfandwildlifestudies.com